Purpose and result clauses
Exercise 2
Question 6
- “We were running fast that we might not be caught.”
- celeriter currebamus ne capteremur.
- celeriter currebamus ne caperemur.
capto vs capio
capto is the frequentative version of capio, and means “to try to capture”
celeriter currebamus ne capteremur means “we were running fast so that we might not be sought for capture”; whereas celeriter currebamus ne caperemur means “we were running fast so that we might not be captured”.
Exercise 6
Question 5
- “The battle was fought so fiercely that all the soldiers were killed.”
- tam ferociter pugnatum est ut milites omnes interficerent.
- tam ferociter pugnatum est ut omnes milites occisi sint.
Here I didn’t read the lesson for consecutive/result clauses:
The sequence of tenses is the same as for Final clauses, with one exception; viz. the Perfect Subj. is often used after a historic tense. But only use it thus when (a) the result is “momentary,” not continuous, and (b) the result actually did follow. e.g. Tantus erat ardor militum ut nemo motum terrae senserit. The soldiers were so engrossed that no one fell the earthquake.
Question 8
- “They have conquered the enemy so often that now they despise them.”
- totiens hostem vicerunt ut iam eos despiciant.
- toties hostes vicerunt ut nunc eos despiciant.
totiens and toties are spelling variations of the same word.
iam would mean “They have conquered the enemy so often that they already despise them.” (i.e. before the moment of speech.)
But nunc means “They have conquered the enemy so often that they now (at the present moment) despise them.”
Exercise 7
Question 1
- We were so tired that we remained in the plain.
- tam defessi eramus ut in campo maneremus.
- adeo eramus defessi ut in campo maneremus.
tam modifies adjectives/adverbs: “so tired”, “so big”, “so quickly” (very common and perfectly correct here)
adeo modifies the whole clause: “to such an extent”, “so much so” (stronger, more idiomatic in emphatic result clauses)
Question 6
A good one for explaining the difference between the perf. and imperf. subjunctive in result clauses.
- “The tree was so high that it fell and lay on the ground.”
- tam altus erat arbor ut ceciderit et humi iecerit.
- tam alta erat arbor ut ceciderit et humi jaceret.
“that it fell” is momentary and completed (like the aorist) but “lay on the ground” is continuous.
Question 7
- “We were not brave enough to return to the battle.”
- non satis eramus fortes ut ad proelium rediremus.
- Non satis fortes eramus ut in pugnam rediremus.
Exercise 10
Question 3
- “The wall was made so high that no one might ever climb it.”
- tam altus factus est murus ut nemo ascenderet.
- murus tam altus factus est ne quis unquam eum ascenderet.
This is not a result clause, it’s a purpose clause. That means it must use the negative ne (here with quis, not ut nemo.
tam altus factus est murus ut nemo ascenderet means “the wall was built so high that no-one climbed it”, expressing the result, not the purpose.
Question 8
- “Speak about me so that he may never accuse me again.”
- dicite de me ut me numquam iterum accuset.
- Loquere de me ne unquam rursus me accuset.
I mistook this for a result clause but there is no “so much” adverb to pay off, so it must be a purpose clause.
Exercise 11
Question 3
- “Go away quickly that no one may see you.”
- abite celeriter ne quis vos videat.
- Abito celeriter ne quis te videat.
What is abito? Apparently a future imperative?
Kennedy has it, but at 348 n2 he says “The forms in -to, -tote are specially used in laws: Regio imperio duo sunto, iique consules appellantor. (Cicero) ‘Let there be two with royal power, and let them be called consuls.”
Question 4
- “We defended the walls so well that the enemy retreated, and did not take the city.!”
- adeo bene moenia defensimus ut hostes se retulerint urbemque non ceperit.
- Tam bene muros defendebamus ut hostis se reciperet neque urbem caperet.
I can’t see why this shouldn’t be in the perfect, as the English would suggest that the enemy did indeed retreat, just as the city was not, in fact, taken.
Question 5
- The snow was so deep that many men died of cold.
- tam alta erat nix ut multi frigore mortui sint.
- Tam alta nix erat ut multi frigore morerentur.
Similar - it looks like it depends on your point of view.